Eco-Economy Indicators: BICYCLES

World Bicycle and Automobile Production, 1950-2007
Year	Bicycles	Cars
	Million Units
1950	11	8
1951	11	7
1952	12	6
1953	13	8
1954	14	8
1955	15	11
1956	16	9
1957	17	10
1958	18	9
1959	19	11
1960	20	13
1961	20	11
1962	20	14
1963	20	16
1964	21	17
1965	21	19
1966	22	19
1967	23	19
1968	24	22
1969	25	23
1970	36	22
1971	39	26
1972	46	28
1973	52	30
1974	52	26
1975	43	25
1976	47	29
1977	49	30
1978	51	28
1979	54	31
1980	62	29
1981	65	28
1982	69	27
1983	74	30
1984	76	30
1985	79	32
1986	84	33
1987	98	33
1988	105	34
1989	95	36
1990	91	36
1991	96	35
1992	99	36
1993	99	34
1994	102	35
1995	103	36
1996	96	37
1997	90	39
1998	87	39
1999	88	40
2000	95	41
2001	86	40
2002	94	41
2003	103	42
2004	120	44
2005	124	46
2006	127	49
2007	130	52
Note: Bicycle data include electric bicycles. 2003 bicycle data may be underestimate, due to incomplete e-bike data
Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from Gary Gardner, "Bicycle Production Up Slightly," and Michael Renner, "Vehicle Production Rises Sharply," in Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2007-2008 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007), pp. 66-69; bicycle production for 2004-2007 from Jack Oortwijn, Editor in Chief, Bike Europe, discussion with J. Matthew Roney, Earth Policy Institute, 7 May 2008; automobile production for 2006 and 2007 from Jim Dorsey, media relations, Global Insight, discussion with J. Matthew Roney, 6 May 2008.

Selected Cycling-Promotion Initiatives from around the World, 2008
Location	Initiative
Victoria, Australia	Planning provisions were amended in late 2004 to require bicycle parking and end-of-trip facilities (e.g. showers and lockers) for all commercial, retail, and multistory residential building projects exceeding 1,000 square meters.
Montreal, Canada	In May 2007 the city unveiled an $8 billion revamping of its transportation system, including plans to double existing bike paths. On-street bike lanes currently total 180 kilometers.
Guangzhou, China	Guangzhou's 23-kilometer Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridor is expected to finish construction and begin operations in 2009. Current plans are for dedicated bicycle lanes along its entire length, as well as bike parking at each station. This would greatly improve upon Chinese BRT lines to date, most of which lack basic bicycle-transit integration.
Bogotá, Colombia	This city's bike network is the most extensive in the developing world, at over 300 kilometers. On Sundays and holidays, cars are prohibited along 120 kilometers of streets.
Copenhagen, Denmark	By investing over $200 million between 2006 and 2024, this city plans to add 136 kilometers of bikeways to its network, bringing its total length to 507 kilometers.
Paris, France	In July 2007 Mayor Bertrand Delanoë launched the extremely popular Vélib bike rental scheme, which now provides 20,600 bikes at 1,451 stations. Vélib is expected to double or even triple the number of daily bike trips.
Freiburg, Germany	This city has a 500-kilometer network of bikeways, and has allocated roughly $1.3 million annually to carrying out its cycling policy since 1976. The transport development plan approved in April 2008 requires every new construction project within the city to provide bicycle parking.
Delhi, India	This city's newest Master Plan calls for making local roads cyclist- and pedestrian- friendly using traffic-calming methods, providing fully separated bicycle tracks on all arterial roads, and promoting bicycle use as a component of Delhi's plans to reduce fossil fuel-based energy consumption.
Israel	The Nature and Parks Authority, other Israeli ministries, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the Jewish National Fund are working together to sponsor and construct a 1,200 kilometer bike trail, running north-south through the country. Existing dirt roads will be narrowed so that they are only suitable for bike/pedestrian use.
Japan	The Construction and Transport Ministry and the National Police Agency began a pilot program of cycle path construction in spring 2008. When complete, nearly 200 kilometers of bike-only lanes will be installed near schools and transit stations in 98 city districts around the country.
Mexico City, Mexico	In May 2007 the Mexico City government implemented its Ciclo-Paseos or "Cycle-Rides" program, making Sundays car-free from 7:00 am to 2:00 pm along a 14 kilometer circuit near the city center.
Netherlands	The first country to adopt an official national bicycle policy, the Netherlands averages more than 2 bikes per person. Nearly 19,000 kilometers of paths and lanes are offered exclusively for bicycles, with over 7,000 kilometers of these in cities.
Amsterdam, Netherlands	Biking accounts for 55 percent of trips to work, and 33 percent of trips to school (for journeys under 7.5 kilometers). The city has allocated $160 million for the 2006-2010 period for bicycle-related improvements, including $58 million for bike parking facilities alone.
Groningen, Netherlands	A model of continuous bicycle integration in transportation and land use planning policies for over four decades, this cycling city boasts 37 percent of all trips by bike. Bikes have right-of-way over cars in areas with heavy cycling traffic and are given preference at traffic stops.
South Korea	In late 2007 the Home Affairs Ministry announced a new bicycle promotion campaign that would improve bicycle infrastructure to address growing traffic and air pollution problems, as well as the rising price of oil. The government wants to greatly increase per capita bicycle ownership, partly by building more bicycle-only roads and installing more parking facilities.
London, United Kingdom	In February 2008, Mayor Ken Livingstone announced plans for a massive program to invest nearly $1 billion over the next 10 years in cycling, launching a Paris-inspired bike rental system; creating more cycle lanes; improving and expanding bike parking, especially at rail transit stops; and providing online cycling information.
Davis, CA, United States	Joined in May 2008 by Portland, OR, as the only cities honored with the League of American Bicyclists' highest certification (Platinum), Davis has more bicycles than cars and provides bicycle lanes on roughly 95 percent of its arterial and collector roads. The city budgets around $100,000 per year for bike path maintenance.
Chicago, IL, United States	This city's cycling goals through 2015 include achieving 5 percent of all trips under 5 miles by bike, expanding its bikeway length to 500 miles, and increasing the number of bike-transit trips by 10 percent each year.
New York, NY, United States	Mayor Michael Bloomberg's sustainability plan, "PlaNYC 2030," includes a pledge to complete the city's 1,800-mile bike master plan, of which 420 miles have already been built, and launch a public education program about the health and environmental benefits of cycling, in hopes of greatly improving the bicycle mode share for trips to work.
Dallas/Fort Worth, TX	This metro area has plans for roughly $900 million worth of new bike trails.
Eastern Africa	World Bicycle Relief (WBR), a Clinton Global Initiative partner, launched the pilot phase of "Empowering the Poor Through Bicycle Transportation" in Tanzania and Zambia in early 2008. WBR is well on its way to distributing 1,000 bicycles in each country through micro-finance plans for the poor. If the model proves effective, WBR will do the same in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, and Uganda.
Zambia	In "Project Zambia", World Bicycle Relief has joined a USAID-funded coalition of relief organizations to fight HIV/AIDS. By September of 2008, the $2.9 million project will have provided 23,000 bicycles to healthcare volunteers, educators promoting disease prevention, and child-led/vulnerable households, as well as trained and equipped over 400 bicycle mechanics.
Note: 1 mile = 1.6 kilometers.
Source: Compiled by J. Matthew Roney, Earth Policy Institute.

Bicycle Production by Top Countries, 1990-2007
Year	China	Italy	Germany	France	Total EU-15	Taiwan	Japan	United States
	Million Units
1990	31.9	3.5	3.9	1.5	n.a.	6.8	0.7	5.6
1991	36.8	3.6	4.9	1.2	n.a.	7.7	0.8	7.6
1992	40.3	4.1	4.6	1.0	n.a.	7.5	1.0	8.9
1993	41.0	5.2	4.1	1.0	n.a.	7.9	1.0	7.7
1994	42.0	5.8	3.5	1.3	n.a.	9.2	1.1	7.3
1995	41.0	5.3	3.2	1.3	n.a.	9.7	1.8	8.8
1996	38.0	4.0	2.9	1.3	n.a.	7.4	1.5	8.0
1997	30.0	4.0	2.8	1.3	n.a.	11.9	1.8	6.0
1998	33.8	3.0	3.2	1.6	11.7	10.5	5.9	2.5
1999	42.7	3.2	3.2	1.8	12.1	8.4	5.6	1.7
2000	52.2	3.2	3.3	1.9	12.3	8.0	4.7	0.9
2001	51.2	2.7	3.0	1.6	10.5	5.0	4.2	0.9
2002	63.0	2.4	3.1	1.4	10.2	4.4	3.1	0.4
2003	73.0	2.6	3.2	1.5	10.4	4.3	2.5	0.4
2004	73.0	2.6	2.9	1.7	10.4	4.4	2.5	0.3
2005	80.7	2.4	2.7	1.7	10.3	4.7	1.9	0.2
2006	84.9	2.4	2.5	1.3	9.6	4.3	1.3	0.3
2007	87.0	2.5	2.4	1.1	n.a.	4.9	1.1	0.3
Note: Production numbers do not include electric bicycles; n.a. indicates data not available.
Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute using pre-publication data for 2000-2007 from Bicycle Retailer and Industry News, comprised of data from Italian Bicycle, Motorcycle and Accessories Association (ANCMA), Bicycle Retailer & Industry News, Bike Europe, Cycle Press, China Bicycle Association, European Bicycle Manufacturers Association, Eurostat, Japan Bicycle Promotion Institute, Shimano, Taiwan Bicycle Exporters Association, Tous a Velo, and Wheel Giant; EU-15 data for 2006 from Bike Europe; pre-2000 data from Bicycle Retailer & Industry News Directory, comprised of data from Cycle Press, European Bicycle Manufacturers Association, Japan Bicycle Promotion Institute, Bike Europe, and Bicycle Retailer & Industry News.

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